Ultimate guide to varnishing your oil paintings

Using the right varnish, in the right way, is the ultimate way to keep your finished oil paintings looking their best. Not only does varnish protect your artwork from the accumulation of dirt and dust, it also enhances the final look of your masterpiece with a radiant glossy, matt or satin finish.

Over the years, the varnish will act as a shield that prevents dirt and dust from damaging your painting’s surface. When the need arises, the varnish can be easily removed, and your painting can be revarnished, restoring its original brilliance.

How to successfully varnish an oil painting

First, choose a dust-free area where you can keep windows and doors closed. It’s best practice to varnish on a flat table or work surface – avoid working vertically.

Before you start varnishing, gently wipe the surface of the painting with a lint-free cloth to remove dust. Then stir the varnish well and pour it into a clean, flat saucer or tin. Load your brush, then wipe it on the side of the saucer so it’s not dripping.

Using long, smooth brush strokes in one direction, cover the painting in a thin coat, then turn it 90 degrees and use the same long strokes across the wet first coat to ensure an even covering. Make sure to only apply one layer of varnish like this, or the result will be patchy. For a demonstration, see this video tutorial on varnishing your painting.

Avoid going back over areas that you’ve done. If there are spots you’ve missed, simply allow the piece to dry completely and revarnish.

After you’ve finished, ensure that you shield the work from dust while it dries, using a protective plastic cover known as a tent.

Which varnish should I use for oil painting?

An artist’s choice of varnish often comes down to personal preference. You might choose a varnish for the sheen it provides, or because it has been used by your favourite painters.

One of the oldest liquid varnishes is dammar, which gives a very high gloss. Winsor & Newton’s Dammar remains a popular varnishes, even though new products have been introduced to the market since its development. As it is a strong varnish, we recommend using Distilled Turpentine, our strongest solvent, when it needs to be removed.

Choose gloss varnish if you want to bring out bright, deep colours, but be aware that gloss creates a lot of reflection. Artists’ Gloss Varnish is our most popular varnish. Stronger solvents will be needed to remove it as time goes by.

Or opt for matt varnish, which means you avoid reflection, but colours will appear duller. Artists’ Matt Varnish is one of the most modern varnishes and is easy to remove.

Artists’ Matt and Gloss varnishes can be intermixed to achieve varying sheens. We suggest a 50/50 mix to achieve a satin finish. Alternatively, Artists’ Satin Varnish is a superior quality, UV-resistant satin varnish, removable with Artists’ White Spirit or Distilled Turpentine.

Retouching Varnish is a UV-resistant gloss varnish which gives temporary protection to recently completed oil paintings. It’s quick-drying and should be used in thin layers. Unlike Artists' Varnishes, it is possible to paint on top of Retouching varnish. To achieve this, it is best to keep subsequent layers of colour as “fat” as possible (thinned with lots of medium) and apply them as finely as possible. A layer of Artists’ Varnish should then be applied after the last layer of colour has been allowed to dry for six months.

What is the difference between solvent-based and water-based varnishes?

Solvent-based varnishes are based on synthetic resins dissolved in petroleum solvents similar to white spirit. They may be used to varnish both oil colour and acrylic paintings, but brushes must be cleaned with white spirit after use. Additionally, if varnish removal is needed at a later date, this must also be done with white spirit. Winsor & Newton solvent-based varnishes include:

• Professional Matt Varnish
• Professional Gloss Varnish
• Professional Satin Varnish

Painters not wishing to use solvents can use water-based varnishes, which consist of acrylic resins dissolved in water. These can be used on paintings done in acrylic, or with our Artisan Water Mixable Oil Colour.

Water-based varnishes can be cleaned up while wet using soap and water and removed from brushes or paintings when dry with Galeria Varnish Remover or Artisan Water Mixable Varnish Remover. Winsor & Newton water-based varnishes include:

• Galeria Gloss Varnish
• Galeria Matt Varnish
• Galeria Satin Varnish
• Artisan Water Mixable Gloss Varnish
• Artisan Water Mixable Matt Varnish
• Artisan Water Mixable Satin Varnish

What is spray varnish and when should I use it?

Spray varnish can be used on oil and acrylic paintings, it dries more quickly than liquid varnish – making it a good option when you need to varnish work swiftly, or can’t protect a painting easily while the varnish is drying.

Aerosol varnishes are also a good choice if your work has a fragile surface that could be damaged by applying varnish with a brush.

If you’ve worked in an impasto style, or with paint that has a rough texture, a spray will help you get an even coating of varnish and avoid the risk of creating bubbles or pools of varnish by applying it with a brush.

How many coats of varnish does a painting need?

The number of coats you apply depends on both the type of varnish you’re working with and the finish you want to achieve. Applying more than two coats of matt or satin varnish could mean making your painting look cloudy, but with gloss varnish you can apply up to three coats.

If you’re using spray varnish, you could stick to two to three layers, or apply anything up to 50 coats if you’re after an extra high-gloss effect.

When can I varnish my painting?

You’ll need to wait until your painting is completely dry before varnishing it. For oil paintings, this means at least six months, regardless of what medium you’ve added to the colour. You can test whether an oil painting is ready to varnish by dipping a cotton bud in Sansodor and gently rubbing it on an area that’s not too obvious. If no colour transfers to the cotton wool, you can start varnishing.

How long does varnish take to dry?

You should leave varnish to dry for 24 hours before adding another coat.

What kind of brush should I use for varnishing?

Use a flat, wide, soft and tightly packed varnishing brush, such as the Winsor & Newton Monarch Glazing Brush. Keep it clean and use it only for varnishing.

How to remove varnish from an oil painting

It would be a tragedy to damage a valuable painting by trying to remove the varnish if you have not had any experience in varnish removal. The best advice is simply to take it to a conservator.

Solvents:

However, there may be occasions when you feel you can remove the varnish on your own. The best product to use for this is Winsor & Newton Distilled Turpentine.

Dammar varnish can be removed using any of our three oil colour solvents: Distilled Turpentine, Artists’ White Spirit and Sansodor. Distilled Turpentine is recommended, as it has the strongest solvency.

Technique:

Starting in a corner of the painting, dip a lint free cloth into the turpentine and gently rub the surface of the painting. The varnish should come off on the cloth – but remember to keep a close eye on the cloth and stop if you see colour coming off. Working in small squares, make your way across the surface of the painting and try to keep using fresh pieces of cloth, as this will help lift the varnish, rather than simply spreading it about.

How do you properly store or display varnished paintings?

Make sure you keep varnished paintings separately from one another – it’s best to avoid leaning them together, as they may stick to one another. You should also steer clear of touching the varnish or using bubble wrap to cover them, as impressions may show in the varnish.

When displaying varnished paintings, hang them on walls or surfaces away from bathrooms and kitchens, and avoid placing them above radiators or open fires, to avoid getting them dirty too quickly.

Can I paint over varnish?

Although it may be tempting to go back and change a painting once it’s varnished, you should avoid doing so. It would likely disturb both the varnish and the paint beneath it.

What is glazing in painting? How is it different to varnishing?

While varnishing creates a protective layer on a finished painting, glazing is a technique used to unify light and dark tones, and create luminosity. It’s a practice that was pioneered by Old Masters like Van Eyke, Vermeer and Rembrandt.

In glazing, a transparent layer of paint – usually made with a single pigment mixed with a glazing medium – is applied over a painting before the varnishing stage. You can watch this video on the art of glazing for a demonstration. 

Two important things to remember about varnishing oil paintings:

• Don't varnish too early, even the thinnest oil painting should be allowed to dry for 6 months.
• Don't use varnishes as mediums, this would make the painting sensitive to solvent. An attempt to clean it in the future may remove the painting instead.

Watch our Masterclass on varnishing paintings